Solvent-extraction cascade from mixed rare earths; GdF3 is reduced with Ca to metal.
Research Elements Gd · atomic number 64 Lanthanide · period 6 [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 Shells: 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 Valence electrons: 2 in the outer shell (6s2), and 8 in 4f7 5d1 Green dots are the outer shell's s and p electrons. Softer green dots are the d electrons of transition metals, and the d and f electrons of lanthanides and actinides: they often take part in bonding, but not always. Grey dots are the core. Ground-state configuration from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database (A. Kramida, Yu. Ralchenko, J. Reader and the NIST ASD Team). Abundance is the mole fraction of the element found as that isotope on Earth; digits in parentheses are the uncertainty in the last digits. Masses and abundances from NIST, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai and R. A. Dragoset, National Institute of Standards and Technology).Gadolinium
Electrons
How it's obtained
Natural isotopes
Isotope Relative atomic mass Abundance 152Gd 151.9197995(18) 0.0020(1) 154Gd 153.9208741(17) 0.0218(3) 155Gd 154.9226305(17) 0.1480(12) 156Gd 155.9221312(17) 0.2047(9) 157Gd 156.9239686(17) 0.1565(2) 158Gd 157.9241123(17) 0.2484(7) 160Gd 159.9270624(18) 0.2186(19)