SnO2 concentrate is reduced with carbon in a reverberatory furnace at ~1200 °C to crude tin; refined by liquation (tin melts, iron doesn’t) or by electrolysis.
Research Elements Sn · atomic number 50 Post-transition metal · period 5, group 14 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 Shells: 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 Valence electrons: 4 in the outer shell (5s2 5p2) Green dots are the outer shell's s and p electrons. Softer green dots are the d electrons of transition metals, and the d and f electrons of lanthanides and actinides: they often take part in bonding, but not always. Grey dots are the core. Ground-state configuration from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database (A. Kramida, Yu. Ralchenko, J. Reader and the NIST ASD Team). Abundance is the mole fraction of the element found as that isotope on Earth; digits in parentheses are the uncertainty in the last digits. Masses and abundances from NIST, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai and R. A. Dragoset, National Institute of Standards and Technology).Tin
Electrons
How it's obtained
Natural isotopes
Isotope Relative atomic mass Abundance 112Sn 111.90482387(61) 0.0097(1) 114Sn 113.9027827(10) 0.0066(1) 115Sn 114.903344699(16) 0.0034(1) 116Sn 115.90174280(10) 0.1454(9) 117Sn 116.90295398(52) 0.0768(7) 118Sn 117.90160657(54) 0.2422(9) 119Sn 118.90331117(78) 0.0859(4) 120Sn 119.90220163(97) 0.3258(9) 122Sn 121.9034438(26) 0.0463(3) 124Sn 123.9052766(11) 0.0579(5)